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Adams, Henry. History of the United States of America during the First Administration of Thomas Jefferson. 1889. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909. Chap. 12: 321-27.

http://books.google.com/books?id=YXMzAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PA323&ots=hdP6DDa-vh&pg=PA323#v=onepage&q&f=false

Disgruntled Callender began a war of slander against Jefferson the likes of which even other notorious slanderers of his day "would have shrunk from." One charge was "having a family of negro children by a slave named Sally," which Adams seems to shrug off, simply saying "That which concerned Black Sally, as she was called, seems to have rested on a confusion of persons which could not be cleared up." Jefferson's only mistake in handling Callender was attempting to contradict him on the charge of supporting Callender's writing. No big deal is made about the sexual charge in regard to a man Adams said had a "feminine" nature.

Adams, James Truslow. The Living Jefferson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936.

"Almost every scandalous story about Jefferson which is still whispered or believed can be traced to the lies in Callender's book."

"Address by Roosevelt." New York Times 14 April 1943: 16.

President Roosevelt's speech at the dedication of the Jefferson Memorial, which, of course, is a huge symbol of Jefferson's elevation to the very top rank of American presidents and, in fact, all American heroes: "Today in the midst of a great war for freedom, we dedicate a shrine to freedom. . . . To Thomas Jefferson, apostle of freedom."

Bancroft, George. History of the United States: from the Discovery of the American Continent. Boston: Little, Brown, 1837 and following editions.

Bartlett, W.H. The History of the United States of North America; from the Discovery of the Western World to the Present Day. Vol. 2. New York: G. Virtue & Co., 1857. 349-50.

Biddle, Nicholas. "Thomas Jefferson." 1827. The Book of Eulogies. Ed. Phyllis Theroux. New York, Scribner, 1997. 74-77.

A positive perspective on Jefferson's character: "In this eulogy, delivered a year after Jefferson's death, Philadelphia financier Nicholas Biddle details the extent of his poverty and expresses his admiration for the uncomplaining way Jefferson, in his eighties, in wretched health and without resources, faced his end."

"The Character of Jefferson." Independent and The Weekly Review 23 January 1902: 223-24.

Chinard, Gilbert. Thomas Jefferson: The Apostle of Americanism. Boston: Little, Brown, 1929.

Brief mentions of the political conflict with Callender but nothing on the scandal.

Chinard, Gilbert. The Literary Bible of Thomas Jefferson. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1928.

"The misogynistic trend which runs through the abstracts from Euripides to Otway is contrary to all we know of Jefferson's character after his marriage. His was certainly a marriage of love. The death of his wife struck him such a blow that he remained for a long time 'in a stupor of mind' and 'as if dead to the world.' When he emerged from it he did not become a hermit. He still enjoyed the society of women. He liked to write letters to them and to received letters from them, as appears."

Cooke, John Esten. "Jefferson as Lover." Appleton's Journal of Literature, Science, and Art 22 August 1874: 230-32.

Makes the case that sometimes our view of our heroes is all-work-and-no-play but that we need more personal images. In the year after Madison Hemings's memoir, Cooke buoyantly describes the young loves (Rebecca Burwell, Martha Wayles, etc.) of the young Jefferson to give us a more personal image of the man.

Coolidge, Ellen Randolph. Letters. "Jefferson's Private Character." North American Review 91 (July 1860): 107-18.

Curtis, William Eleroy. The True Thomas Jefferson. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1901.

Federalist newspapers gobbled up Callender's blackmail stories -- which "doubtless had a slender vein of truth, a meager excuse for existence, but Callender's vulgar and malicious mind magnified and distorted them" -- with "ghoulish glee." Jefferson was probably "no more immoral" than any of the other Founding Fathers, "neither a St. Anthony nor a Don Juan": "his vices were those of a gentleman." Here Curtis has a wonderful example of how gnarled and garbled facts can become: Jefferson only took note of the scandals in a "single instance," when, during the campaign of 1804, he used "his carefully kept record of vital statistics at Monticello to prove an alibi" against a claim of paternity by Madison Henings, a respectable mulatto living in Ohio!!!!! Curtis seems to have twisted Parton here.

DeWitt, Cornelis. Jefferson and American Democracy. London, 1862.

Dwight, Theodore. The Character of Thomas Jefferson as Exhibited in His Own Writings. Boston: Weeks, Jordan, & Co., 1839. 72-74.

http://books.google.com/books?id=mIRKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=true

Jefferson and Abigail Adams traded letters about Callender without any reference to the Sally affair. Abigail Adams had apparently taken Jefferson's pardoning of Callender as a sign of his "unfriendly feelings" toward John Adams, and Jefferson replies saying that he pardoned everybody arrested under the Sedition Act, and he details his relationship with Callender in what looks like what he had written to James Monroe.

Ellis, Edward S. The Life of Thomas Jefferson. Chicago, 1913.

http://books.google.com/books?id=i4FLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=true

Ellis, Edward S. Thomas Jefferson: A Character Sketch. Milwaukee, 1898.

http://books.google.com/books?id=Rr2wCJ5RUykC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=true

Everett, Edward. A Defense of the Character and Principles of Mr. Jefferson. Boston, 1836.

Flower, Milton E. "Letter from Henry S. Randall to James Parton on Jefferson and the ‘Dusky Sally Story.'" James Parton: The Father of Modern Biography. Durham: Duke UP, 1951. 236-39.

Important reprinting of the letter in which Randall tells Parton, Jefferson's last major 19th century biographer, what Thomas Jefferson Randolph, Jefferson's grandson, said in defense of Jefferson. See the Randall entry on the letter.

Hawks, Francis Lister. “Character of Jefferson.” New York Review and Quarterly Church Journal 1 (March 1837): 5-54.

Hildreth, Richard. The History of the United States of America, from the Adoption of the Federal Constitution to the End of the Sixteenth Congress. Vol. 2. New York, 1851-52. 454-55.

http://books.google.com/books?id=YYo-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PR5#v=onepage&q&f=true

Hildreth provides a succinct overview of Jefferson's relation with the "notorious Callender," who did to Jefferson what he did to Hamilton, that is, to expose sexual indiscretions, "to Jefferson's infinite annoyance" for his temperament was so sensitive that he "blushed like a woman at any such allusions." Callender's stories included his connection with a "semi-African concubine . . . stories told with minute circumstances, never contradicted, and which, acquiring general credit, formed the sting of many a political pasquinade." But Hildreth makes no judgments about Jefferson or the truth of such a relationship.

Hirst, Francis W. Life and Letters of Thomas Jefferson. New York: MacMillan, 1926.

Kimball, M. G. "Jefferson in Paris." North American Review 248.1 (September 1939): 73-86.

A line on Cosway, none on Hemings, but a lot to demonstrate the high life Jefferson led in Paris.

Kimball, Marie. Jefferson: The Scene of Europe, 1784 to 1789. New York: Coward-McCann, 1950.

Lee, Henry. Observations on the Writings of Thomas Jefferson. New York, 1832.

http://books.google.com/books?id=cyJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=true

Lee, Lawrence. Monticello and Other Poems. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937.

Lyman, T. P. H. Life of Thomas Jefferson. Philadelphia, 1826.

Malone, Dumas. "The Jefferson Faith." Saturday Review 13 April 1943: 4.

The dedication of the Jefferson Memorial in Washington marks the apotheosis of Jefferson: "Two hundred years after his birth, the fame of Thomas Jefferson in his native land is unquestionably greater than it has been before in this generation, and is probably greater than it has been at any time since his death. The memorial to him in the national capital, which was dedicated on April 13, signifies in a tangible way his recognition as a member of our Trinity of immortals, with Washington and Lincoln whose claims have long been indisputable."

Masters, Edgar Lee. "Jefferson." Poems of the People. New York: Appleton, 1936. 21-22.

Morse, John T., Jr. Thomas Jefferson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911. 200-4.

A succinct overview of "the pitiful story of Callender's malicious defamation." His slanders, "worse than the mere charges of simple amours," so filthy "no decent man would have wished to dip his hands in," "will not bear repetition here." From Callender's "foul reservoir," bucket upon bucket of "gossip about Jefferson's graceless debaucheries were sent into every household in the United States." Jefferson never denied these stories, and "there is no sufficient and unquestionable proof that [he] was one whit worse than the majority of his compeers."

Muzzey, David S. Thomas Jefferson. New York, 1918.

http://books.google.com/books?id=pxkdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=true

Nock, Albert J. Jefferson. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1926.

Parrington, Vernon L. Main Currents in American Thought; An Interpretation of American Literature from the Beginning to 1920. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1930.

Parton, James. "The Campaign Lies of 1800." Life of Thomas Jefferson. Boston, 1874. 567-75.

http://books.google.com/books?id=HRMNA0VQaS0C&pg=PA567#v=onepage&q&f=true

Parton attacks the "Campaign Lies" of 1800 that have surrounded Jefferson's character throughout his career. Such lies range from his abhorrence of the Constitution to his affair with Sally Hemings. Jefferson's first offense, his hatred of the Constitution, developed from a newspaper article written to generate fear among readers. The "campaign liar" in this instance insinuates that Jefferson's election would result in the dismantling of the navy, the exclusion of Federalists from office, and an exhausted government revenue. Reverend Cotton Mather Smith attacks Jefferson by stating that he stole his estate by methods of robbery and fraud. Even Jefferson's religious beliefs were called into question. Jefferson's accusers branded him an atheist or an enemy of the Christian religion. Most importantly for us, Parton uses and quotes the letter from Henry Randall recounting the conversation with Thomas Jefferson Randolph to ascribe Hemings's children to a Jefferson relative who need not be named and to add other evidence clearing Jefferson from scandal. Parton's version became the official narrative of the Jefferson-Hemings relationship for the next seventy-five years.

Randall, Henry S. "The Callender Affair." The Life of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 3. New York, 1858. 16-21.

http://books.google.com/books?id=5h5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false

Callender's character is scrupulously and savagely attacked by Randall on behalf of Jefferson. Randall cites two letters written by the President to Governor Monroe in regards to Callender and his opposition. Jefferson believes that it is a combination of his rejection of Callender's wish to become the Richmond postmaster and an issue of money that lead to Callender's hostility. Randall states that Callender was a man who "was indecently attacking the personal character of a rival" because he was a man of low morals and adverse integrity.

Randall, Henry S. Letter to James Parton, 1 June 1868. See Milton E. Flower, "Letter from Henry S. Randall to James Parton on Jefferson and the ‘Dusky Sally Story.'" James Parton: The Father of Modern Biography. Durham: Duke UP, 1951. 236-39. Reprinted in Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History and Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/cron/1868randall.html

In this key document in the controversy biographer Randall writes to later biographer Parton about his conversation with Jefferson grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph in which Randolph names Peter Carr as Sally Hemings's lover and provides other information that Parton would use to close the case of this scandal in Jefferson's favor.

Randolph, Thomas Jefferson. The Last Days of Jefferson. Charlottesville, 1873. [Described as a commentary on James Parton's "Thomas Jefferson's Last Year," Atlantic Monthly October 1873: 393-413.]

http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=atla;cc=atla;rgn=full%20text;idno=atla0032-4;didno=atla0032-4;view=image;seq=0399;node=atla0032-4%3A3

Rayner, B. L. Life of Thomas Jefferson, with selections from the most valuable portions of his voluminous and unrivalled private correspondence. 1832. Boston, 1834.

http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKkLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true

Perhaps the first full-length biography, published six years after Jefferson's death. There is no mention of Callender or the scandal; however, chapters two and five, specifically discuss Jefferson's actions towards abolishing slavery. In chapter two, Rayner discusses when Jefferson was initially elected as a Representative in 1769. One of his primary objectives was the liberation of slaves, but his bill proposing emancipation was immediately rejected. Rayner believes that it is this first act that prompted the words "all men are created equal." It is noted in chapter five that Jefferson attempted to pass a bill to abolish the commerce of slavery. The bill was passed without opposition in 1778.

Review of Origin and Character of the Old Parties by Timothy Dwight. North American Review July 1834: 208-76.

http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=nora;cc=nora;rgn=full%20text;idno=nora0039-1;didno=nora0039-1;view=image;seq=0214;node=nora0039-1%3A10

Schachner, Nathan. "Thomas Jefferson: The Man and the Myth." American Mercury 65 (July 1947).

Schachner, Nathan. Thomas Jefferson, A Biography. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1951.

Schouler, James. Thomas Jefferson. New York: Dodd. Mead, & Co., 1893.

http://books.google.com/books?id=sgJ__g0vhngC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false

A Selection of the Eulogies, Pronounced in the Several States, in Honor of Those Illustrious Patriots and Statesmen, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Hartford, 1826.

http://books.google.com/books?id=17ge0_OSAfIC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=true

Shalett, Sidney. "Roosevelt, Hailing Jefferson, Looks to Gain Liberty." New York Times 14 April 1943: 1.

Stone, Gene. The Story of Thomas Jefferson. New York, 1922.

http://books.google.com/books?id=toBLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=true

Thompson, Daniel P. "A Talk with Jefferson." Harper's New Monthly Magazine 26 (May 1863): 833-36.

http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=harp;cc=harp;rgn=full%20text;idno=harp0026-6;didno=harp0026-6;view=image;seq=0843;node=harp0026-6%3A17

Tucker, George. The Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States. Philadelphia, 1837.

http://books.google.com/books?id=h65RYUvwsREC&ots=5BtjlkJIOI&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false

After Rayner, the second full-length biography of Jefferson. There is no mention of Callender or Hemings, but chapter five deals specifically with his opinions on slavery. Jefferson's amended bill concerning the freedom of the children of slaves is brought to attention. Tucker quotes Jefferson -- "Nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate, than that these people are to be free; nor is it less certain, that the two races, equally free, cannot live in the same government." The advantages and disadvantages of slavery on the people and the state are further discussed. Tucker asks if it is to the advantage of the country to "rid itself of the evil, consistently with its own safety?" Options exist such as the emancipation of all slaves and they stay in the state or to send them out of the country. Any changes must be the result of time, not the result of the immediately acting law. Colonization is another option contemplated by Jefferson: "Mr. Jefferson always regarded emancipation, accompanied with colonization, as practicable." After discussing Jefferson's rationale, Tucker goes into detail the "numbers" of the plan.

Tucker, George. Defense of the Character of Thomas Jefferson. New York, 1838.

Upton, Harriet Taylor. Our Early Presidents, Their Wives and Children. Boston, 1890.

http://books.google.com/books?id=vzpOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=true

Ward, Julius H. "James Parton." New England Magazine 7 (January 1893): 627-39.

http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=newe;cc=newe;rgn=full%20text;idno=newe0013-5;didno=newe0013-5;view=image;seq=0635;node=newe0013-5%3A10

Watson, Henry C. "Thomas Jefferson." Lives of the Presidents of the United States. Boston: Kelly & Bro., 1853. 200-54.

http://books.google.com/books?id=354MAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=true

Watson, Thomas Edward. The Life and Times of Thomas Jefferson. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1903.

White, Andrew D. "Jefferson and Slavery." Atlantic Monthly 9 (January 1862): 29-40.

http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=atla;cc=atla;g=moagrp;xc=1;q1=Jefferson%20and%20Slavery;rgn=full%20text;view=image;seq=0035;idno=atla0009-1;node=atla0009-1%3A5

White reflects upon Jefferson's ability to perceive the future of his country and the future of democracy more so than any other man in his time. What White does not understand is Jefferson's opinions on slavery. He does not believe that his childhood has much to do with his beliefs on slavery -- "The whole culture of Jefferson's youth was, of all things in the world, least likely to make him support slavery or apologize for it" (30). Jefferson attributes much of his learning to two men, Dr. William Small and George Wythe, and both men were least likely to be pro-slavery. Jefferson would also have been greatly affected by the reform literature being published in France. Such influences did guide Jefferson to push for a bill in 1778 that prevented further importation of slaves into Virginia. White continues to note several other attempts made on Jefferson's behalf in regards to his anti-slavery opinions. Jefferson's racist remarks in his Notes on the State of Virginia were made from observation. After having examined Jefferson's childhood, his time building the Republic, his Presidency, and his time as a thinker and writer, White concludes that Jefferson was "a real political seer and giver of oracles, -- always sure to say something." No mention of Callender or Hemings.