"FullText" links provide a connection to electronic or print copies provided by the Lehigh Libraries and other services, such as electronic abstracts and interlibrary loan requesting.

3/1995. The museum community starts to react: "Hovering over the profession," Bunch says, "is the specter of scholarly self-censorship. . . . [the public needs to know that museums are] places where celebration can often co-exist with controversy. . . . in a time of politics, museums must be even more politic and political." Young pairs "curatorial freedom" with "academic freedom."

See also: "A Modest Proposal: A Bill of Rights for American Museums," by Alfred F. Young, Public Historian 14 (Summer 1992): 67-75. [FullText]

"Fighting the Good Fight: Museums in an Age of Uncertainty," by Lonnie G. Bunch, Museum News 74 (March/April 1995), 32-38. [FullText]

"Doing History in Public: Balancing Historical Fact with Public Meaning," by Barbara Franco, Perspectives: Newsletter of the American Historical Association 33 (May/June 1995): 5-8. [FullText]

"Open to Interpretation: Taking Responsibility for the Enola Gay," by Katharine T. Corbett and Howard S. Miller, Exhibitionist News 14 (Spring 1995): 12-14. [FullText]

"The Battle of the Enola Gay," by Mike Wallace, Museum News, July-August 1995, 40-48. [FullText]

3/1995. Scholars address such questions as what is the meaning of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? How have historians explained the American resort to atomic warfare, and how does that decision resonate in American and Japanese memory?

"Atomic Holocaust, Nazi Holocaust: Some Reflections," by Richard H. Minear, Diplomatic History 19.2 (Spring 1995) pp. 347- 67. [FullText]

"Exotic Resonances: Hiroshima in American Memory," by Paul Boyer, Diplomatic History 19.2 (Spring 1995) pp. 297- 318. (also in Hogan) [FullText]

"History, Collective Memory, and the Decision to Use the Bomb," by J. Samuel Walker, Diplomatic History 19.2 (Spring 1995) pp. 319- 28. (also in Hogan) [FullText]

"Hiroshima in History and Memory: A Symposium." Diplomatic History 19.2 (Spring 1995). (the Michael J. Hogan book, Hiroshima in History and Memory) collects some of these essays and adds a new one by Hogan himself specifically on the Enola Gay controversy) [FullText]

"Japan's Delayed Surrender: A Reinterpretation," by Herbert P. Bix, Diplomatic History 19.2 (Spring 1995) pp. 197- 226. (also in Hogan) [FullText]

"New Approaches, Old Interpretations, and Prospective Reconfigurations," by Melvyn P. Leffler, Diplomatic History 19.2 (Spring 1995) pp. 172-96. [FullText]

"The Bombed: Hiroshimas and Nagasakis in Japanese Memory," by John W. Dower, Diplomatic History 19.2 (Spring 1995) pp. 275- 96. (also in Hogan) [FullText]

"The Quest for a Peace Culture: The A-bomb Survivors' Long Struggle and the New Movement for Redressing Foreign Victims of Japan's War," by Seiitsu Tachibana, Diplomatic History 19.2 (Spring 1995) pp. 329- 46. (also in Hogan) [FullText]

"Understanding the Atomic Bomb and the Japanese Surrender: Missed Opportunities, Little-known near Disasters, and Modern Memory," by Barton J. Bernstein, Diplomatic History 19.2 (Spring 1995) pp. 227-74. [FullText]

3/1/1995. Air Force Magazine publishes its sixth article. The Egender letter notes that "the disgusting and frightening aspect of this matter is that the pseudo- intellectuals who perpetrated the fraud are still in positions of authority."

"Smithsonian Cancels Enola Gay Exhibit: AFA Praises Congressional Allies," Air Force Magazine, 03/95, 82. [FullText]

"The Enola Gay Fiasco," by Col. Herbert F. Egender, Air Force Magazine, 03/95, 7. Letter. [FullText]

3/1/1995. Other veterans' groups register their reactions, noting a "clear breach of faith" by the "Institution of Political Correctness," and that "nothing should overshadow the contributions of veterans."

"Nothing Should Overshadow the Contributions of Veterans," by William M. Detweiler, American Legion, March 1995, 8. "It's not a victory for the American Legion, it's a victory for all Americans." [FullText]

3/1/1995. Air Force Magazine publishes its sixth article. The Egender letter notes that "the disgusting and frightening aspect of this matter is that the pseudo- intellectuals who perpetrated the fraud are still in positions of authority."

"Political Exhibit Crashes at the Smithsonian," by John T. Correll, Air Force Magazine, 03/95, 12. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101227051754/http://afa.org/media/enolagay/07-07.html]

3/1/1995. Other veterans' groups register their reactions, noting a "clear breach of faith" by the "Institution of Political Correctness," and that "nothing should overshadow the contributions of veterans."

"The Enola Gay -- Mission Aborted," by Charles D. Cooper, Retired Officer, March 1995, 4. "We share the Legion's frustration in trying to deal with Harwit's recurring recalcitrance. Nonetheless, we believe that, with the continued patience of Job . . . a more satisfactory solution could have been reached. Regrettably, the door had been slammed." [FullText]

"Proudly Display the Enola Gay," by Herbert Molloy Mason, Jr., VFW, March 1995, 20-23. "A vigorous watch by veterans forced the Smithsonian to answer to the people this time. The disturbing question remains: Who will safeguard the integrity of our history 10, 20 or 50 years from now?" [FullText]

3/2/1995. Congressman Solomon: "It is tragic that a museum funded by public dollars dare revise our history and distort the facts surrounding the use of atomic bombs."

"Smithsonian Slaps Our Heroes in the Face," by Gerald Solomon, 104th Congress, 1st Session, 141 Cong Rec E 493 [PDF]

3/8/1995. The First Composite Group suggests returning the Enola Gay to a living history museum at a restored Wendover Field, Utah: "This sparse treatment [the "new" exhibit that will simply display the plane] of what is perhaps the most famous piece of World War II memorabilia is sure to trigger a new round of criticism for the Smithsonian. [We] feel the only solution is to bring the Enola Gay home to Wendover Field where [we plan] to present it in an historically correct manner."

[PDF]

3/10/1995. House Committee on Appropriations hearings: Secretary Heyman announces a "hard look" at the goals of the "nation's museum"; "there were mistakes made in the development of" the Enola Gay exhibit; "The Smithsonian is the mirror in which we, as Americans, see our history and culture from the past, in the present, and towards the future."

"Testimony March 10, 1995 Michael Heyman Secretary Smithsonian Institution House Appropriations Interior FY96 Interior Appropriations." [PDF]

"Enola Gay Exhibit to 'Report the Facts,'" by Rowan Scarborough, Washington Times, 03/11/1995, A5. [FullText]

3/13/1995. This story -- with the sub-heading "Newt Gingrich and Pals Rewrite the 60s" -- puts the Enola Gay controversy in the larger context of House Speaker Gingrich's agenda for America as a "different country" and intimates political pressure on Heyman.

"Revenge of the Squares," by Fred Barnes, New Republic, 03/13/95, 23 [FullText]

3/22/1995. Congressman Sam Johnson writes to Heyman with a list of twenty-eight questions formulated by the American Legion for upcoming hearings, which, if answered, "will help put this unfortunate situation to rest."

[PDF]

3/30/1995. Historians call for national teach-ins and provide a resource packet: "By acceding to such censorship the Smithsonian became associated with a transparent attempt at a form of historical cleansing. The fact that archival documents and artifacts were removed under political pressure is scandalous."

Press release: [https://www.historians.org/directory/committees/pr033095.html Archived]

Teach-in: [https://www.historians.org/directory/committees/1995teach.html Archived]

Historians' Committee for Open Debate on Hiroshima: [https://www.historians.org/directory/committees/hiroshima.html Archived]

3/1995. Sampling of coverage in March by major media.

"Museum Must Work to Repair Reputation," by Marianne Means, Knoxville News-Sentinel, 03/05/95, A16. "Much of the Smithsonian's problem with the Enola Gay was arrogance -- an internal reliance on a small, biased cadre obsessed with the notion that academic freedom includes the right to impose narrow-minded views on the rest of us yokels." [FullText]

Letters, Time, 03/06/95. Responses to Krauthammer's Feb 13 essay: "Revisionism is tempting for many political and social reasons, but that doesn't make it any less intellectually dishonest." "We shall never learn anything from history if we refuse to accept that other people may have a point of view as valid as our own." [FullText]

"War and Remembrance," Oakland Tribune, 03/13/95, A12. "Smithsonian directors should have enlarged the display, not canceled it, incorporating all the arguments and points of view. That is how education and learning take place." [FullText]

"The Right to Infiltrate," by Thomas Sowell, Forbes, March 13, 1995: 74. The debate is between "people who want to celebrate their memories" and "tenured [university] guerillas with pensions." [FullText]